Clarion India
NEW DELHI — The Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) that has recently gained attention due to an outbreak in China, is a respiratory virus circulating globally now, including India. It has been associated with respiratory illnesses in various countries, although there has been no unusual surge of cases in India.
The Union Health Ministry continues to monitor the situation through all available surveillance channels. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has also been providing regular updates on the situation in China to inform public health measures.
The number of cases of Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is increasing in China. The country’s disease control authority said it was monitoring the system for pneumonia of unknown origin, with cases of some respiratory diseases expected to rise through the winter.
What is HMPV?
Human Metapneumovirus is a respiratory infection that causes symptoms similar to the common cold and influenza. While the illness is typically mild, it can lead to severe complications such as pneumonia, particularly in infants, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems.
HMPV spreads through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing, as well as by touching contaminated surfaces or coming into direct contact with infected individuals.
This virus is known to cause illnesses ranging from mild respiratory discomfort to severe complications, especially in vulnerable populations such as infants, older adults and individuals with weakened immune systems. It is prevalent globally and tends to peak during late winter and early spring in temperate regions, although it circulates year-round in some areas.
Symptoms
Symptoms of HMPV include cough, fever, nasal congestion, shortness of breath, and sore throat. These typically emerge three to six days after exposure. In some cases, severe illness caused by HMPV may necessitate hospitalisation.
The estimated incubation period is 3 to 6 days, and the median duration of illness can vary depending upon severity but is similar to other respiratory infections caused by viruses.
The symptoms mainly depending on the individual’s age, general health and immune response. Mild cases typically present with a runny nose, sore throat, cough and fever, resembling a common cold. Moderate symptoms may include persistent cough, wheezing and fatigue.
In severe cases, especially in infants, older adults, and those with chronic illnesses, HMPV can lead to complications such as bronchitis, bronchiolitis or pneumonia.
Severe Acute Respiratory Illness (SARI) requiring hospitalisation may also occur. These severe presentations are particularly concerning for high-risk groups.
Is it a Serious Disease?
Though most patients recover at home within a few days, with the majority of cases being mild but young children, adults over 65, and individuals with weakened immune systems are at a higher risk of severe illness, according to the UAE’s Cleveland Clinic.
The first infection with HMPV is more likely to cause severe illness, which is why young children are at greater risk. After the first infection, individuals gain some immunity, which typically leads to milder, cold-like symptoms in subsequent infections.
Mild cases of human HMPV usually last a few days to a week. In severe cases, it will probably take longer to feel better. However, lingering symptoms, like a cough, may take longer to go away.
How it is transmitted
HMPV spreads through direct contact with an infected person. It can also be transmitted by touching contaminated surfaces, coughing, sneezing, or shaking hands. If symptoms worsen, individuals may experience a severe cough, wheezing, and shortness of breath. In these cases, it’s important to seek medical help immediately.
HMPV spreads in ways similar to other respiratory viruses such as RSV and influenza. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets from infected individuals or contact with contaminated surfaces.
Diagnosis
Diagnosing HMPV based solely on symptoms can be challenging, as it mimics other respiratory infections like RSV and influenza. Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is the gold standard diagnostic tool for detecting HMPV RNA, while antigen detection assays offer quicker results.
In India, surveillance programmes like the ICMR and the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) regularly test for respiratory viruses, including HMPV, as part of their efforts to monitor and control respiratory illnesses.
Treatment
Currently, there is no specific antiviral medication or vaccine available for HMPV. Treatment is supportive and depends on the severity of the infection. For mild cases, rest, adequate hydration and Over-the-counter medications to control pain and fever, along with a decongestant will provide relief, according to lung.org.
In severe cases, particularly those involving pneumonia or bronchiolitis, oxygen therapy and hospitalisation may be required. Patients experiencing significant respiratory distress may need mechanical ventilation. While research is going on to develop targeted therapies and vaccines, preventive measures and early medical intervention remain key to managing HMPV infections.
In severe cases, particularly those involving pneumonia or bronchiolitis, oxygen therapy and hospitalisation may be required. Patients experiencing significant respiratory distress may need mechanical ventilation. While research is going on to develop targeted therapies and vaccines, preventive measures and early medical intervention remain key to managing HMPV infections.
Prevention
To prevent the spread of HMPV, practising good hand hygiene is essential, including frequent handwashing with soap and water.
Respiratory etiquette, such as covering the mouth and nose while sneezing or coughing and wearing a mask, can also limit the spread. Avoiding close contact with infected individuals and regularly disinfecting frequently touched surfaces are additional preventive measures. — Based on agency reports
